G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are an attractive drug target; however, not enough is known about their structure, as they are too unstable to isolate and purify. This medical animation highlights the important role they play in many physiological functions and diseases.
Hosted on the homepage of the Heptares website, the animation introduces a new method developed by Heptares, of maintaining the structure of GPCRs following their isolation. This method allows for the more effective assessment of drug candidates, highlighting how this technology may be used to develop new treatments for various diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease and cancer. Video Rating: / 5
Learn about how g protein coupled receptors work in the cell membrane. Created by William Tsai.
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Melissa Bagloo, MD, a surgeon at the Center for Metabolic and Weight Loss Surgery at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center, discusses diseases of the gallbladder, specifically gallstones or Cholelithiasis, their management and treatment options.
You can learn more about gall bladder disease at Columbia University Department of Surgery at: http://www.columbiasurgery.org/general/gallbladder.html (less info)
Gallbaldder diseases such as cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, cholangitis taught in handwritten tutorial for USMLE. We will be looking at pathophysiology, symptoms, investigations and management.
CHOLELITHIASIS and CHOLEDECHOLITHIASIS
Two type of stones are the most common. The first is Cholesterol stone and the second is the pigmented stone. Cholesterol stone is formed due to high levels of cholesterol or not removing cholesterol fast enough. Etiology, old age, female (especially pregnant) Obesity and rapid weight loss. Also can be caused by decrease emptying of the gallbladder which leads to supersaturation of the the cholesterolel. Pathophysiology this is due to fasting state, pregnancy, spinal cord injury can decrease neurological signal to the gallbladder to contract. There are two types of pigments depending on the color. Black is due to hemolysis (sickle cell anemia and thalessemia) Brown is due to some sort of infection that is present.
Clinical signs and symptoms of Cholelithiasis
Usually asymptomatic, incidental finding. There are just a few stones in the gallbladder. No problems until the neck of the gallbladder is obstructed and this causes pain in epigastrium to the left flank which radiates to the back and the scapula. Symptoms will be associated with eating, because when eating there is contraction of the gallbladder.
Investigations for Cholelithiasis
Ultrasound investigation is the first choice where the stones can be visualized. CT/MRI to see some of the complications of cholelithiasis.
Treatment
If it is asymptomatic than there is no treatment is necessary. But if it becomes symptomatic than you can try oral bile acids, lithotripsy, but if this isn’t working or unavailable then do cholecystectomy.
Complications
Gallstone Ileus there is a tract formed between gallbladder and duodenum. choledecholithiasis or pancreatitis and cholecystitis.
CHOLEDECHOLITHIASIS
Stone formation in the bile duct. Most common origin is from the cholelithiasis.
Clinical signs and symptoms
It can also remain asymptomatic, just like cholelithiasis. But if it gets down to common bile duct than it can also cause obstructive jaundice. Right upper quadrant pain.
Investigations
ERCP investigation can detect and remove the stone.
Treatment
ERCP and some analgesics for pain, and anti-biotics to prevent further infection
Gallbladder infection is called Cholecystitis and the bile duct infection is called cholangitis
CHOLECYSTITIS
Etiological causes
Any type of obstruction. The most common obstruction is the gallstone (cholelithiasis) but it can also be due to worm or parasite such as clonorchis senensis, ascaris lumbricoides, and fasciola hepatica. This can cause cholecystitis and cholangitis. It can also occur without obstruction which is known as acalculous cholecystitis. TPN sickle cell and Diabetic patients.
Clinical Signs and Symptoms
You will see the same pain as cholelithiasis except much longer and more severe. Whereas cholithiasis it is two hours, cholecystitis is 6 hours. There will also be a fever (no rigors) leukocytosis. Gallbladder mass which is generally a late finding and it is associated with jaundice found in less than 10 percent of cases. Murphy’s Sign – increase tenderness as they are inspiring
Investigations
CBC – leukocytosis
Amylase to rule out acute pancreatitis, but only greater than 1000IU is significant
Ultrasound you will find thickened gallbladder wall, pericholecystic fluid of bile sludge.
X-ray – radioopaque stone, rule out pneumonia,
CT – perforation and empyema
Treatment
Conservative treatment – IV analgesics anti-biotics
Also give bowel rest by giving NPO
Surgery – laparoscopic cholecystectomy
CHOLANGITIS
Infection of bile duct or inflammation of bile duct.
Caused by obstruction from choledecholithiasis or stricture, pancreatitis.
CLINICAL
Charcot’s Triad – Right Upper Quadrant Pain, Fever and Jaundice
Reynold’s Pentad – Hypotension, Altered Mental status
INVESTIGATIONS
Ultrasound shows dilated bile ducts
ERCP – see the stones and remove them
Laboratory – leukocytosis, bile duct, Raised ALP, Raised Amylase, High bilirubin
TREATMENT
Acute treatment of cholangitis – IV Fluids, Analgesics and Anti-Biotics. Monitor hemodynamics
Definitive Treatment – 48 hours of being afebrile. ERCP
There are several parasites common to dogs which can also affect humans, with children being the most vulnerable. This is why proper deworming is the key to avoiding serious repercussions and consequences for both the animal and ourselves. If a disease is zoonotic, it means it can be passed on from an animal species to a human. In this AnimalWised video we answer whether humans can get parasites from dogs by discussing zoonotic diseases and their effects. We will also share the the most effective methods of prevention. If you love your dog you will obviously want them to have the best chance of a healthy life by preventing parasitic infestation. The same can be said for the rest of your family. Head on over to our website to learn more: https://www.animalwised.com/deworming-dogs-preventing-and-treating-parasites-987.html
On AnimalWised you’ll discover a high quality channel that’s exclusively devoted to the Animal Kingdom. You’ll find all sorts of content: from training, diet or beauty and everything that can be useful for you as a pet owner or animal lover. Want to become AnimalWised? Take a look and have fun with us!
AnimalWised Web – https://www.animalwised.com/ Video Rating: / 5
This video is a brief overview of Infectious Diseases. We will take a look at what they are, some terms used to describe characteristics of infectious diseases and different types. Historically, infectious diseases were the main cause of deaths around the world. Even now, they are a significant global public health issue leading to millions of deaths each year.
This video was created by Ranil Appuhamy
Voiceover – James Clark
For more information about infectious diseases, have a look at these websites:
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Disclaimer:
These videos are provided for educational purposes only. Users should not rely solely on the information contained within these videos and is not intended to be a substitute for advice from other relevant sources. The author/s do not warrant or represent that the information contained in the videos are accurate, current or complete and do not accept any legal liability or responsibility for any loss, damages, costs or expenses incurred by the use of, or reliance on, or interpretation of, the information contained in the videos. Video Rating: / 5
Any idea why some Diseases spread easily through contact, while some do not spread at all? Why are some Diseases contagious while others do not get caught with mere communication?
Watch this video to find the answers and to understand types of Diseases, Infectious diseases, non-infectious diseases, chronic diseases, and disorders.
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Taken from JRE #1439 w/Michael Osterholm: https://youtu.be/E3URhJx0NSw
Pandemics like Zika and Ebola can originate in one continent and quickly spread to another. To stop outbreaks before they start, scientists are trying to identify regions conducive to the development of new disease. One target is southern China, where factors such as daily wildlife trade and sewage-filled rivers have repeatedly led to the rise of new viruses. Hari Sreenivasan reports.
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Video game plagues can be terrifying. Here are more of our favorite examples of plagues in various games over the years.
Thumb Credit: Mike Svymbersky
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Americans own more than 150 million pets, but new research from a team led by the Ohio State University shows the importance of choosing the right ones to bring home, based on your family’s health and age. Dr. Tara Narula joins “CBS This Morning” to discuss the risks. Video Rating: / 5
