Is your cat amazing … or is there a parasite in your brain that exercises mind control? Get the facts on toxoplasmosis.
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Today, about a third of the world’s population is infected with a strange disease called toxoplasmosis — and most of them never even know it. And while the parasite can multiply in practically any host, it can only reproduce sexually in the intestines of cats. Could this disease be the reason so many people love cats and keep them as pets? Jaap de Roode shares what we know about toxoplasmosis.
Lesson by Jaap de Roode, animation by Anton Bogaty.
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Lesson on Cat Scratch Disease: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment. Cat Scratch Disease (Cat Scratch Fever) is caused by an infection with Bartonella henselae (causing Bartonellosis), which is transmitted from a cat to a human through a scratch or a bite. Common symptoms include a papular skin lesion, regional lymphadenopathy and fever, although the disease can become disseminated and cause other severe symptoms. Diagnosis is performed through serology, PCR or lymph node biopsy methods. Treatment depends on the severity of the disease.
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Officials are warning about a cat parasite named Toxoplasma Gondii which can affect your brain.
For most people, and RSV infection (respiratory syncytial virus) has the symptoms of the common cold. Dr. Christine Cho, pediatric allergist at National Jewish Health in Denver, Colorado, explains that RSV can be much more severe for young children. Video Rating: / 5
We are currently going through some tough times, with a new disease spreading throughout the world and the economy seemingly going through its worst period since the great depression. But, There has been a few strange things that have been happening in the background of all this chaos.
That is because as we have seen throughout history, strange things tend to happen during desperate times.
For example, After World War 2, Tensions were high between the United States and The Soviet Union. Both superpowers began jockeying for position to see who would become the worlds one true superpower.
And this threat of war caused some of the greatest technological advancements in history.
You see, both the USSR and the United States had ballistic missiles that would launch, stay within earths atmosphere, and then eventually hit their target from hundreds of kilometres away.
But the distance between Moscow, and Washington D.C was 7800km. So if these superpowers wanted to be able to hit eachother with a nuclear strike, they would need a new piece of technology.
That is when the USSR developed the first intercontinental ballistic missile, or ICBM in 1957. It was the first missile capable of entering sub-orbital space, and hitting a target on the other side of the planet.
But almost by accident, the USSR had developed something else. In an effort to ensure the safety of its country, theSoviets developed ICBM’s…and inadvertently built the technology that connected human civilization with space.
Within months after their first ICBM test in 1957, the USSR used the same ICBM to launch the first satellite into Space…they called it Sputnik.
Now, today we view sputnik today as a technological masterpiece. But during its time, it was viewed as one of the scariest things in history to the western world. In fact, after the Soviets launched sputnik…it created a worldwide panic called ‘The Sputnik Crisis’ where the public experienced fear and anxiety over the technological gap between the west, and the USSR.
The United States viewed Sputnik as a serious threat to National Security. So president Eisenhower said the The United States will respond with “Resourcefulness and Vigor”.
The president was then able to get enough public support to create two Agencies. NASA, and DARPA…
He was also able to dramatically increase spending on Education and Research and Development.
Over the course of the next decade, the USSR and United States would keep trying to one up eachother. This was the called ‘Space Race’.
And this space race led to innovations that would reshape our entire world. For example, DARPA created the internet as a way of sending information from one point to another in a safe a secure manner during the cold war. Computers became significantly more advanced during that time. It also created spinoffs of other technologies like GPS, Cat Scans, Athletic Shoes, Water Purification, Artificial Limbs, and many more.
You see, a perceived national security threat in the 1950’s from both the USSR and The United States ended up catalyzing the creation of new technologies that would create a better world for the future.
And that might be one of the things that we are seeing today, even though it might be happening in the background. You see, Vaccines normally take about 4 years to develop from the time scientists start experimenting with new vaccine ideas, to the time where the vaccine is approved for the public.
But this time is different. The entire world views this new virus as a threat, just like how most people in the world felt during the cold war. So more funding and public support is now going towards biotechnology research, in hopes of neutralizing the threat.
And well, here’s what we are seeing so far. Throughout history, vaccines have worked by injecting weakened or killed versions of a virus, into the person getting the vaccine. But that process was going to take too long this time around.
So, around the world, researches have begun experimenting with new ways to create vaccines that might be 5, 10, or even 20 times faster than before.
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G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are an attractive drug target; however, not enough is known about their structure, as they are too unstable to isolate and purify. This medical animation highlights the important role they play in many physiological functions and diseases.
Hosted on the homepage of the Heptares website, the animation introduces a new method developed by Heptares, of maintaining the structure of GPCRs following their isolation. This method allows for the more effective assessment of drug candidates, highlighting how this technology may be used to develop new treatments for various diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease and cancer. Video Rating: / 5
Learn about how g protein coupled receptors work in the cell membrane. Created by William Tsai.
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Melissa Bagloo, MD, a surgeon at the Center for Metabolic and Weight Loss Surgery at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center, discusses diseases of the gallbladder, specifically gallstones or Cholelithiasis, their management and treatment options.
You can learn more about gall bladder disease at Columbia University Department of Surgery at: http://www.columbiasurgery.org/general/gallbladder.html (less info)
Gallbaldder diseases such as cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, cholangitis taught in handwritten tutorial for USMLE. We will be looking at pathophysiology, symptoms, investigations and management.
CHOLELITHIASIS and CHOLEDECHOLITHIASIS
Two type of stones are the most common. The first is Cholesterol stone and the second is the pigmented stone. Cholesterol stone is formed due to high levels of cholesterol or not removing cholesterol fast enough. Etiology, old age, female (especially pregnant) Obesity and rapid weight loss. Also can be caused by decrease emptying of the gallbladder which leads to supersaturation of the the cholesterolel. Pathophysiology this is due to fasting state, pregnancy, spinal cord injury can decrease neurological signal to the gallbladder to contract. There are two types of pigments depending on the color. Black is due to hemolysis (sickle cell anemia and thalessemia) Brown is due to some sort of infection that is present.
Clinical signs and symptoms of Cholelithiasis
Usually asymptomatic, incidental finding. There are just a few stones in the gallbladder. No problems until the neck of the gallbladder is obstructed and this causes pain in epigastrium to the left flank which radiates to the back and the scapula. Symptoms will be associated with eating, because when eating there is contraction of the gallbladder.
Investigations for Cholelithiasis
Ultrasound investigation is the first choice where the stones can be visualized. CT/MRI to see some of the complications of cholelithiasis.
Treatment
If it is asymptomatic than there is no treatment is necessary. But if it becomes symptomatic than you can try oral bile acids, lithotripsy, but if this isn’t working or unavailable then do cholecystectomy.
Complications
Gallstone Ileus there is a tract formed between gallbladder and duodenum. choledecholithiasis or pancreatitis and cholecystitis.
CHOLEDECHOLITHIASIS
Stone formation in the bile duct. Most common origin is from the cholelithiasis.
Clinical signs and symptoms
It can also remain asymptomatic, just like cholelithiasis. But if it gets down to common bile duct than it can also cause obstructive jaundice. Right upper quadrant pain.
Investigations
ERCP investigation can detect and remove the stone.
Treatment
ERCP and some analgesics for pain, and anti-biotics to prevent further infection
Gallbladder infection is called Cholecystitis and the bile duct infection is called cholangitis
CHOLECYSTITIS
Etiological causes
Any type of obstruction. The most common obstruction is the gallstone (cholelithiasis) but it can also be due to worm or parasite such as clonorchis senensis, ascaris lumbricoides, and fasciola hepatica. This can cause cholecystitis and cholangitis. It can also occur without obstruction which is known as acalculous cholecystitis. TPN sickle cell and Diabetic patients.
Clinical Signs and Symptoms
You will see the same pain as cholelithiasis except much longer and more severe. Whereas cholithiasis it is two hours, cholecystitis is 6 hours. There will also be a fever (no rigors) leukocytosis. Gallbladder mass which is generally a late finding and it is associated with jaundice found in less than 10 percent of cases. Murphy’s Sign – increase tenderness as they are inspiring
Investigations
CBC – leukocytosis
Amylase to rule out acute pancreatitis, but only greater than 1000IU is significant
Ultrasound you will find thickened gallbladder wall, pericholecystic fluid of bile sludge.
X-ray – radioopaque stone, rule out pneumonia,
CT – perforation and empyema
Treatment
Conservative treatment – IV analgesics anti-biotics
Also give bowel rest by giving NPO
Surgery – laparoscopic cholecystectomy
CHOLANGITIS
Infection of bile duct or inflammation of bile duct.
Caused by obstruction from choledecholithiasis or stricture, pancreatitis.
CLINICAL
Charcot’s Triad – Right Upper Quadrant Pain, Fever and Jaundice
Reynold’s Pentad – Hypotension, Altered Mental status
INVESTIGATIONS
Ultrasound shows dilated bile ducts
ERCP – see the stones and remove them
Laboratory – leukocytosis, bile duct, Raised ALP, Raised Amylase, High bilirubin
TREATMENT
Acute treatment of cholangitis – IV Fluids, Analgesics and Anti-Biotics. Monitor hemodynamics
Definitive Treatment – 48 hours of being afebrile. ERCP
There are several parasites common to dogs which can also affect humans, with children being the most vulnerable. This is why proper deworming is the key to avoiding serious repercussions and consequences for both the animal and ourselves. If a disease is zoonotic, it means it can be passed on from an animal species to a human. In this AnimalWised video we answer whether humans can get parasites from dogs by discussing zoonotic diseases and their effects. We will also share the the most effective methods of prevention. If you love your dog you will obviously want them to have the best chance of a healthy life by preventing parasitic infestation. The same can be said for the rest of your family. Head on over to our website to learn more: https://www.animalwised.com/deworming-dogs-preventing-and-treating-parasites-987.html
On AnimalWised you’ll discover a high quality channel that’s exclusively devoted to the Animal Kingdom. You’ll find all sorts of content: from training, diet or beauty and everything that can be useful for you as a pet owner or animal lover. Want to become AnimalWised? Take a look and have fun with us!
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